The Mystery of the "Stamp 0"

We are confused and concerned about the application of the new residency “Stamp 0” and in particular, the recent grants of this stamp to two clients who are dependent family members. On reading the guidance, it appears that a grant of stamp 0 to such dependent family members is inappropriate and misguided.

According to INIS, the new stamp was created in December 2011 as our blog post reported. It is described as a “low level immigration permission” that permits individuals to remain in the State only for a “specific, temporary and limited purpose”. The guidance explains that the holder cannot work or engage in any business or trade without specific permission, they must be of independent means or fully supported by a sponsor in the State, and finally the holder is not entitled to receive any State benefits and must have private medical insurance.

The guidance goes on to give examples of the types of people who may be eligible for this mystery stamp. They include a “service provider” sent to Ireland by an overseas company to carry out a particular task. Which is confusing, because presumably such a service provider would need permission to work and is therefore not suited to a stamp that specifically stipulates a prohibition on employment. And the stamp is also envisaged for “visiting academics”, who, we also guess are working too. Or are they just on their holidays?

And what is the application process for this mystery stamp? According to INIS, “there will be no specific application process for a stamp 0. “  And what happens at the end of the stamp? It is stated simply that “it is not intended to be a pathway to any more permanent form of migration.”

The guidance is unclear and confusing and this is of concern to us.

We have recently had two clients issued with stamp 0. Both are elderly persons who are wholly dependent both financially and emotionally on their Irish citizen family members who are permanently resident in the State. Such dependency is increasing with age and is likely to continue indefinitely. There is no intention or prospect of our clients returning to their countries of origin. They intend to reside in the State indefinitely, financially self-sufficient and dependent on their families. This much has been categorically stated to the Minister.

We are therefore unclear and concerned as to why a stamp 0 has been issued in each case. It appears, from the guidance, that such a stamp is entirely inappropriate. The clients have categorically stated that they are not here for a temporary or limited purpose. They are here as dependent family members and have an expectation that they will be permitted to settle in the State by applying for some more permanent form of residency, for example citizenship. Yet the guidance on the stamp 0 specifically precludes using the stamp as a pathway to a more permanent form of residency. What, therefore, are the clients expected to do at the end of their stamp 0?

Our expectation for these clients was that they would be issued with a Stamp 3 by the Minister. They would therefore later be in a position to apply for a more permanent form of residency, for example citizenship, relying on their accrual of the appropriate period of reckonable residency on a Stamp 3.

We note that the restrictions that apply to a holder of a stamp 0 tally closely with those of Stamp 3. In fact, there appears to be little difference between the two stamps except for the emphasis in the stamp 0 guidance that it permits only temporary residence for a specific and limited purpose and is not intended to lead to any more permanent forms of residency.  It is unclear therefore whether a period on a stamp 0 will be classified as a period of reckonable residency that would ordinarily accrue towards a more permanent form of residency, such as citizenship. It is this particular aspect of stamp 0 that is causing us unease.

We have therefore written to the Minister to seek clarification on the application of stamp 0. We will also be making a Freedom of Information request in order to obtain the full internal guidelines for deciding officers on the circumstances in which stamp 0 is to be applied. We will keep you updated and ask you to contact us should you have any queries regarding the mystery stamp 0.

Brophy Solicitors

18.09.12 

UPDATE ON STAMP 0 AND STAMP 3 RESIDENCY PERMISSIONS

Recently we have received queries from confused clients whose Stamp 3 permission has been changed to the ‘low level immigration permission’ that is Stamp 0. There are notably much similarity between these permission types, hence there is much confusion as regards to which stamp may be applicable to various circumstances.

In order to provide clarification, it is firstly necessary to understand what exactly each permission entails:

STAMP 0

Stamp 0 residence permission was implemented by INIS in December 2011. The procedure implement the stamp was vague, and unfortunately not much clarification has since followed.

What do we know?

According to the INIS website guidelines, Stamp 0 is ‘a low level immigration permission that allows a person to remain lawfully in Ireland for a specific temporary and limited purpose. It is not intended to be a pathway to any more permanent form if immigration’.

This appears to imply that stamp 0 does not provide reckonable residency required for naturalisation. However, on the contrary, it has been confirmed to us by the Department previously that the stamp does indeed count for reckonable residency. We are currently seeking clarification from the Department on this point.

There is no specific application process but rather the applicant will seek permission in the normal way.

It is noted a service provider, or academic, or an individual in exception humanitarian circumstances are examples of those who may avail of this permission.

Holder of the permission may not work or engage in a trade, business or profession, unless specified in INIS letter.

It is further noted that the stamp is provided on the basis that the holder receives no State beneifts, and that they are self sufficient through personal resources of financial support from an employer or family while present in the State.

As with all Immigration permissions, breaching a condition of the permission may result in a permission being revoked or not being renewed.

STAMP 3

A holder of stamp 3 per mission is entitled to remain in Ireland on the basis that they do not enter employment, nor engage in any business or profession and do not remain later than the specified date.

Main categories of those who are granted this permission include: non EEA visitors, non EEA retired person of independent means, non EEA Minister of Religion and member of religious order, non EEA spouse/dependent of employment permit holder.

Stamp 3 permission is reckonable, and thus after 5 years a holder is eligible to apply for naturalisation. 5 years of stamp 3 permission also entitled one to apply Stamp 3 Long Term Residency, which is valid for a further 5 years.

It is submitted that the vital differences in these permissions is that Stamp 0 does not provide for a more permanent form of residency and it not reckonable.

Confusion?

In consideration of the above information, in what regard has there been confusion in relation to these permissions?

Firstly, as regards clients who have been granted Stamp 0, the renewal process in certain cases, where there has been no change regarding the conditions at the time of granting of the permission, has been met with some difficulty, with the Department providing new application numbers, inferring it is indeed a new application, rather than a more straightforward renewal process.

Secondly, we have seen stamp 0 issued to many non EEA retired nationals of independent financial means, and non EEA dependents on employment permit holders in that state. This seems contrary to the INIS guidelines which explicitly state such persons are eligible for stamp 3 permission. Additionally, people who have been granted stamp 3 person on such basis have prior to the impending renewal of the permission been notified that their status will change to being that of stamp 0. We find it confusing that the decision has been taken to make such amendments, when there has not been any significant change in the circumstances of such persons. There is much confusion as to whether this new permission is applicable regarding reckonable residency. As noted above, we are seeking clarification on this point, and will post on this matter once we have received an adequate explanation.

We urge that greater clarification for this change in permission be provided. The guideline note appears to provide information contrary to that which has been stated by the Department. We further stress the need for a more straightforward stamp 0 renewals process, as the current manner with which it is being dealt with cannot be deemed as an efficient nor effective system.

Naomi Pollock

Brophy Solicitors

STAMP 0 UPDATE

I refer to our blog posts that referred to confusion around the introduction of Stamp 0. As previously noted, we wrote to the Department in order to seek express clarification in this regard and I am happy to confirm we have received a helpful response.

The letter notes that Stamp 0 has no provision in the Irish Nationality and Citizenship Act 1956 (as amended). However, this also means that the permission is not amongst the express exclusions for eligibility for citizenship by naturalisation and is thus ‘not excluded from reckonability’. It is further stated in the letter that naturalisation is a discretionary determination, which is why INIS has sought to ‘dampen expectations that Stamp 0 would lead to citizenship, and it is being granted on the basis that naturalisation would not be the probable outcome’. 

However, as with any resident who is granted reckonable permission, anyone within the state on stamp 0 permission is entitled to apply and have their case decided by the Minister on their own merits, in a manner identical to that of all such applications. 

Our arguments in respect of the confusion and lack of clarification on the INIS website in this regard have been accepted and furthermore assurance has been provided that this issue will be addressed shortly. 

Therefore, it has been established that Stamp 0 is accountable in respect of reckonable residency, and all naturalisation applications on the basis of this permission will be determined within the Minister’s discretion, as is the standard procedure with all naturalisation applications.

Naomi Pollock

Brophy Solicitors

LONG TERM RESIDENCY FOR RETIRED PERSONS OF INDEPENDENT MEANS

We are currently advising several clients on applications for permission to reside in the State as retired persons of independent means. This specific situation is relevant to a non-EEA person, who does not seek recourse to employment, self-employment or public funds, but merely wishes to reside in the state, supporting themselves through independent means, for example income generated through rented properties, investments etc.

We recently contacted the Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service (INIS) to establish if a specific application procedure applies here and what criteria must be satisfied. We referred to the INIS website that sets out the various forms of stamps and includes a retired person of independent means as covered by Stamp 3 permission.

We received a response from INIS this week that states that the appropriate stamp is in fact a Stamp 0 and that their website will shortly be updated to reflect the position. INIS stated that they do not have a distinct category of retirees for immigration purposes. INIS indicated that permission would only be granted on the express understanding that the applicant is not entitled to any State benefit and on the basis of full documentary evidence to confirm they will not become a financial burden on the State. The primary requirements were stated to be: financial self-sufficiency, comprehensive medical insurance, and good character. They clarified that there is no application form. They also clarified that it is open to non visa nationals to make an application from outside the State.

It is clear therefore that in order to attain stamp 0 in this capacity, an applicant must provide extensive documentary evidence, primarily substantiating their financial self-sufficiency, including details of all income and expenditure. It is necessary to have comprehensive medical insure, that INIS stated must be equivalent to Plan D VHI, HealthPlus Premium (http://www.vhi.ie/pdf/products/TOBHPpremium.pdf). The applicant must also be of good character and be able to provide police references from every country they have resided in during the twelve months prior to application.

If the application is successful residence will be granted for a maximum of twelve months, after which a renewal application must be submitted.

INIS stated in their response that this is to be regarded as a temporary status only. It is important to note however that Stamp 0 is not amongst the express exclusions for eligibility for citizenship by naturalisation and therefore any period spent on Stamp 0 should constitute reckonable residency. See our previous post that specifically addresses this point.

Brophy Solicitors

New Stamp Introduced

On the 1st December last, The Department of Justice and Equality issued a new stamp to be introduced to the Irish Immigration system, Stamp 0. This is the newest edition to Stamps 1, 1A, 2, 3 and 4.

The new stamp concerns temporary and limited permission to reside in Ireland and is available to new cases only. Essentially it has come about through a re-structuring of the stamp system and effects only an administrative change. It is intended for specific purposes only such as visiting academics and purports no pathway to permanent residence in Ireland. If effects to extend beyond the ordinary 90 day tourist visa.

The person must be self-sufficient of fully supported by a sponsor and will receive no State benefits whatsoever for their duration in the State. It may be necessary under certain circumstances for them to hold their own private medical insurance. No specific or seperate procedure of application is to be used, other than the normal application process.

Brophy Solicitors

SUMMARY OF THE INIS POLICY DOCUMENT ON NON-EEA FAMILY REUNIFICATION (Published December 2013)

Addressing the need for more comprehensive and transparent guidelines to assist both applicants and decision makers in the area of family reunification, the Policy Document on Non-EEA Family Reunification, released by the Department of Justice in December of 2013, aims to make clear how the State intends to deal with family reunification cases. The document does not create or acknowledge any new rights of family reunification, however it does present a series of proposals aimed at improving the family reunification process. Here we have summarized some of the more significant proposals as well as the current policies outlined in the document with respect to application processing, the qualifications of a sponsor, dependency requirements, eligibility requirements for spouse, civil partner or de facto partner, elderly dependent parents, and applications for parental migration on the basis of Irish citizen children.

Proposed Changes to Family Reunification Application Processing

The document proposes administrative changes in consolidating the processing of family reunification applications and appeals within the INIS. 

The document proposes the establishment of a preclearance facility for family reunification applications, requiring all applications to be submitted to the facility from overseas rather than upon arrival in Ireland. This would involve a standard application form and fee and the establishment of a central specialist family settlement unit where all applications would be referred. This standardized system would place visa required and non-visa required applicants on a level playing field and work to ensure transparent and consistent information gathering for both officials and applicants. It would also aim to address issues arising from the lack of certainty for applicants applying from within the country who only have ninety days to complete the process. Further, the document states the intention to discuss the addition of language and cultural knowledge requirements for applicants at all levels of immigration.

Second, the document proposes the establishment of a statutory appeals system through provisions in the Immigration Residence and Protection Bill. Once in place, applications for family reunification will be incorporated.

Lastly, the document proposes to provide specific immigration permission for children under the age of 16 to be registered on an administrative basis (not currently allowable under the 2004 Immigration Act) which will allow them to establish personal resident history at an earlier date.

Qualifications of a Sponsor 

Currently, those eligible to be sponsors in the family reunification process include a:

• An Irish citizen residing or intending to reside in Ireland
• Lawfully resident foreign national as an Employment Permit Holder 
• Lawfully resident foreign national with an immigration Stamp 4 , including Long Term residents 
• If Stamp 4 holder is a refugee or a person granted subsidiary protection, this also applies 
• Lawfully resident foreign national with an immigration Stamp 5
• Researcher under a hosting agreement
• PhD student studying for a doctorate accredited in Ireland
• Minister of Religion with an immigration Stamp 3

With respect to these qualifications, it is proposed that sponsors will additionally have to achieve minimum levels of earnings prior to being eligible to sponsor a family member. These will be set at a cumulative gross figure of €40,000 over three years where the sponsor is an Irish citizen and a higher level where the sponsor is a non-EEA national. Social welfare payments will not be reckonable as earnings for this purpose. This requirement would also increase where an application is made for a dependent elderly parent.

Further, the document proposes to adopt a streamlined approach to residency requirements for non-EEA sponsors, with highly skilled workers, entrepreneurs, researchers and others able to apply immediately for family reunification. A 2 year waiting time is applied in cases of certain other categories.

Dependency Requirements

As defined and further clarified by this policy document, “dependency” means that the family member is (i) supported financially by the sponsor on a continuous basis and (ii) that there is evidence of social dependency between the two parties. The degree of dependency, both financial and otherwise, must render independent living at a subsistence level by the family member in their country impossible if that financial and social support is not maintained. This relationship must also be proven to be pre-existing and sustained prior to creating and submitting an application for family reunification.

Eligibility Requirements for Spouse, Civil Partner or De Facto Partner

Any eligible spouse, civil partner, or de facto partner must be at least 18 years of age. The relationship must be monogamous, freely entered into by both parties, and lawfully conducted and recognized under Irish law. The couple must also demonstrate a clear commitment that they will live together following the outcome of the application as circumstances permit.

For marriages and civil partnerships there is no minimum duration requirement. De facto partnerships are required to prove the existence of a relationship akin to marriage, including cohabitation two years prior to submission of the application.

Entry for the purposes of marriage or civil partnership may also be permitted given a 6 month provision, so long as it can be proven that the union is not for convenience. Similarly, proxy marriages may also be recognized under the same policy if it is demonstrated that the marriage is genuine and freely entered into by both parties and the couple can show that they have met each other in person.

Elderly Dependent Parents

Because the potential financial liability for the State of providing medical treatment to accepted elderly dependent relatives is considerable, the document states “emigration, including that by Irish people, is undertaken with no legitimate expectation of ever being joined by parents” and as such, all cases are approached highly restrictively. 

To address this concern, the document proposes that the sponsor of an elderly dependent relative be required to have earned in Ireland each of the three years preceding the application an income after tax and deductions of no less than €60,000 in the case of one parent, and € 75,000 in the case of two parents. The requirements for dependency outlined previously must also be met in all cases involving elderly dependent relatives. As such, the sponsor must also prove that there is absolutely no viable alternative including the availability of other family members, financial resources, and the movement of the sponsor from Ireland to care for the applicant.

If the application is approved, the document further proposes that the applicant be covered by private medical insurance at above the level of VH plan D or equivalent. The sponsor must also sign a legal undertaking to bear personal and complete financial responsibility for the elderly dependent relative and make detailed provision for their accommodation. Permission of this kind would be regarded as temporary and renewable on an annual basis providing all conditions are met and the accepted applicant will be given Stamp 0 (not reckonable for Long Term residence or Naturalisation).

Irish Citizen Children-Applications for Parental Migration

In cases where parents seek residence in Ireland on the basis of their citizen (minor) child, applications are considered with respect to the contribution the parent’s presence would contribute to the child’s enjoyment of its rights as a citizen and parents cannot claim personal rights of residence merely by their parentage of a minor Irish citizen child. This addressed, the document states that each application is viewed individually, taking into account each family’s specific situation. However, it also states that a series of linked applications, seeking to bring to Ireland both parents and all siblings on the basis of a single minor citizen child would seem to go beyond what is reasonable. This is seen as particularly relevant if the State would be required to provide for the family financially.

Karen Berkeley 

Brophy Solicitors

UPDATE ON FAMILY REUNIFICATION OF DEPENDENT PARENTS

We were recently successful in an application for Stamp 0 made for dependent parents of an Irish national. We have previously faced difficulties in a similar case and the current case gives some indication of what factors may persuade the Department to grant permission tone case over another. 

These are cases where Irish citizen children apply for permission to reside in the State for their dependent parents, who are non-EEA nationals, demonstrating that they have the necessary financial means to support their parents and that their parents will not place financial burden on the State. They must demonstrate that their parents are in fact dependent on them financially, socially and emotionally. In several cases we have dealt with, dependent parents have severe medical conditions and health problems, and no viable options for care and support in their home countries.

The Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service (INIS) Policy Document on Non-EEA Family Reunification is applied by INIS when considering and determining these cases. The policy places rigorous financial threshold on applicants, requiring the sponsor of two dependent parents to evidence an income of €75,000 to support the application. 

In a previous case we have dealt with, an application made by a sponsor in a strong financial position was refused and one of the reasons cited in the refusal was the fact that the parents were in the State unlawfully. In that case, medical evidence had been provided confirming that one of the applicant’s parents could not to undertake long haul flights and hence remained in the State after their permission had expired. Nonetheless, the fact of their unlawful residence was held against them. That case is currently subject of High Court litigation. 

In our recent case that was successful, the parents were also in the State unlawfully, their permission having expired while the application was pending. Medical evidence was also provided showing that they were not fit to fly. However, what appears to have been the factor that distinguished the recent case was that the sponsor clearly evidenced the very strong financial position and substantial income and therefore clearly established that the sponsor would have absolutely no difficulty supporting the dependent parents in the State. We were able to make convincing submissions that there could be no reasonable prospect that the parents would become a financial burden on the State and it appears that the financial position may have been a decisive factor in ensuring the application was successful. 

It is also noteworthy that this application was processed in just over three months, which was relatively quick. The clients are obviously enormously relieved at the outcome. 

Rebecca Keatinge

Brophy Solicitors

FAMILY REUNIFICATION OF DEPENDENT PARENTS

Recently, we have been granted leave on a number of High Court Judicial Review proceedings against the Minister for Justice and Equality for failure to properly assess applications for family reunification for dependent parents. These cases have involved applicants who are Irish citizens or possess permanent residence in Ireland, and who have Irish citizen children, and have demonstrated the necessary financial means to support their parents so as not to place financial burden on the state. They have also demonstrated that their parents are in fact dependent on them financially, socially and emotionally, many of them having severe medical conditions and health problems, with no viable options for care and support in their home countries. In one particular case, medical evidence was provided confirming that one of the applicant’s parents could not to undertake long haul flights and this information was not considered.

The main issue that has arisen is the Ministers reliance on the INIS’s Policy Document on Non-EEA Family reunification. This document places rigorous hurdles on applicants stating that a “Highly restrictive approach should be taken”, citing the states inability to take on the potential financial liability of elderly dependent parents.

The financial thresholds for a sponsor of one dependent parent is a requirement to evidence earnings of €60,000 gross for the three years preceding the application, and 75,000 gross for inviting two parents.

Whilst our clients have good earnings, and demonstrated a strong ability to financially support their parents, they were unable to meet the high level of finances required.

No consideration was carried out that our clients sought only to acquire a Stamp 0 permission for their dependant parents - it is an express condition of residence that the applicant is not entitled to claim any state benefit.

Disregard was paid to the applicants rights as a family afforded by Article 41 of the constitution, section3 of the European Convention on Human Rights, in particular Article 8, and European Union law. In refusing the applications, the minister failed to asses these protections, stating that the applicants’ rights under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights would be fully considered if, and when, the deportation process is initiated against the second and third named applicants pursuant to section 3 of the Immigration Act 1999. We submit that this failure to fully weigh and assess the applicants rights render these decisions unlawful.

We would also highlight that the INIS policy document is not legally binding, and unfettered reliance may ultimately be unlawful due to its failure to recognise and adequately vindicate the safeguards and protections afforded to permanent residents rights of the family.

 

Karen Berkeley

Brophy Solicitors